Japan s Demand For British Based Capital - 1568 Words

In the post-Fordist economy, there are few alternative strategies which would mean to rebuild industry in the concern for British-based capital. The first strategy is ‘The Japanisation Strategy’. â€Å"Japan has been the home base for the new production, together with West Germany, Northern Italy and parts of the Scandinavian economy.† (Murray, 1989) The exclusive achievement of Japanese production industry, regularly at the expenditure of Western manufacturers, has incited this increased interest. Japan has been depicted as the typical ‘post-Fordist’ economy. It would require a long-term finance, and particular government protection policies, research subsidising, and state funding, that would be connected to the individual industrial†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"They were ‘high technology cottage industries’ employing the latest numerically controlled tools.† (Kumar, 1992) Their items were complex and delicate, empowering them to enter in both national and international markets. Their employees were paid same as employees in the large factories in the north; unemployment rates were mostly lower than everywhere else in Italy in that period. Most employees were exceptionally talented, and there was little sense of qualification between workers and their managers. Brought to the little size of entreprises, this is suitable for a flexible division of labor and straightened hierarchy systems inside the firm. In this last section, this essay will examine whether creative workers ‘model entrepreneurs’ in post-Fordist economies by looking at immaterial labour and precariousness in the post-Fordist economy. By the beginning of the 21st century, ‘creativity’ become very important in our society. After the election in 1997, the British New Labor government accepted the term ‘creative industries’ which covers everything about media and arts—film, design, fashion, advertising, and visual arts etc. The creative industries areas’ profits yielded a great amount. Because of this tendency, there were many people who want to work in the creative sectors and they thought that it is a ‘model job’ that will get the spotlight from other people. Many people thought that post-Fordism is a perfect economy system after the Fordism era, but there

Analysis on Ordinary People by Judith Guest Free Essays

Ordinary People by Judith Guest is the story of a dysfunctional family who relate to one another through a series of extensive defense mechanisms, i. e. an unconscious process whereby reality is distorted to reduce or prevent anxiety. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis on Ordinary People by Judith Guest or any similar topic only for you Order Now The book opens with seventeen year old Conrad, son of upper middle-class Beth and Calvin Jarrett, home after eight months in a psychiatric hospital, there because he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists. His mother is a meticulously orderly person who, Jared, through projection, feels despises him. She does all the right things; attending to Jared’s physical needs, keeping a spotless home, plays olf and bridge with other women in her social circle, but, in her own words â€Å"is an emotional cripple†. Jared’s father, raised in an orphanage, seems anxious to please everyone, a commonplace reaction of individuals who, as children, experienced parental indifference or inconsistency. Though a successful tax attorney, he is jumpy around Conrad, and, according to his wife, drinks too many Conrad seems consumed with despair. A return to normalcy, school and home-life, appear to be more than Conrad can handle. Chalk-faced, hair-hacked Conrad seems bent on perpetuating the family myth that all is well in the world. His family, after all, â€Å"are people of good taste. They do not discuss a problem in the face of the problem. And, besides, there is no problem. † Yet, there is not one problem in this family but two – Conrad’s suicide and the death by drowning of Conrad’s older brother, Buck. Conrad eventually contacts a psychiatrist, Dr. Berger, because he feels the â€Å"air is full of flying glass† and wants to feel in control. Their initial sessions together frustrate the psychiatrist because of Conrad’s inability to express his feelings. Berger cajoles him into expressing his emotions by saying, â€Å"That’s what appens when you bury this junk, kiddo. It keeps resurfacing. Won’t leave you alone. † Conrad’s slow but steady journey towards healing seems partially the result of cathartic revelations which purge guilt feelings regarding his brother’s death and his family’s denial of that death, plus the â€Å"love of a good woman. Jeannine, who sings soprano to Conrad’s tenor†¦ There is no doubt that Conrad is consumed with guilt, â€Å"the feeling one has when one acts contrary to a role he has assumed while interacting with a significant person in his life,† This guilt engenders in Conrad feelings of low self esteem. Survivors of horrible tragedies, such as the Holocaust, frequently express similar feelings of worthlessness. In his book, â€Å"Against All Odds†, William Helmreich relates how one survivor articulates a feeling of abandonment. â€Å"Did I abandon them, or did they abandon me? † Conrad expresses a similar thought in remembering the sequence of events when the sailboat they were on turned over. Buck soothes Conrad saying, â€Å"Okay, okay. They’ll be looking now, for sure, just hang on, don’t get tired, promise? In an imagined conversation with his dead brother, Conrad asks, â€Å"‘Man, why’d you let go? ‘ ‘Because I got tired. ‘The hell! You never get tired, not before me, you don’t! You tell me not to get tired, you tell me to hang on, and then you let go! ‘ ‘I couldn’t help it. Well, screw you, then! ‘† Conrad feels terrible anger with his brother, but cannot comfortably express that anger. His psychiatrist, after needling Conrad, asks, â€Å"Are you mad? When Conrad responds that he is not mad, the psychiatrist says, â€Å"Now that is a lie. You are mad as hell. † Conrad asserts that, â€Å"When you let yourself feel, all you feel is lousy. † When his psychiatrist questions him about his relationship with his mother, Calvin says, â€Å"My mother and I do not connect. Why should it bother me? My mother is a very private person. † This sort of response is called, in psychological literature, â€Å"rationalization†. We see Conrad’s anger and aggression is displaced, i. e. vented on another, as when he physically attacked a schoolmate. Yet, he also turns his anger on himself and expresses in extreme and dangerous depression and guilt. â€Å"Guilt is a normal emotion felt by most people, but among survivors it takes on special meaning. Most feel guilty about the death of loved ones whom they feel they could have, or should have, saved. Some feel guilty about situations in which they behaved selfishly (Conrad held on to the boat even after his brother let go), even if there was no other way to survive. In answer to a query from his psychiatrist on when he last got really mad, Conrad responds, â€Å"When it comes, there’s always too much of it. I don’t know how to handle it. † When Conrad is finally able to express his anger, Berger, the psychiatrist says to Calvin, â€Å"Razoring is anger; self-mutilation is anger. So this is a good sign; turning his anger outward at Because his family, and especially his mother, frowns upon ublic displays of emotion, Conrad keeps his feelings bottled up, which further contributes to depression. Encyclopedia Britannica, in explicating the dynamics of depression states, â€Å"Upon close study, the attacks on the self are revealed to be unconscious expressions of disappointment and anger toward another person, or even a circumstance†¦ deflected from their real direction onto the self. The aggression, therefore, directed toward the outside world is turned against the self. † The article further asserts that, â€Å"There are three cardinal psychodynamic considerations in epression: (1) a deep sense of loss of what is loved or valued, which may be a person, a thing or even liberty; (2) a conflict of mixed feelings of love and hatred toward what is loved or highly valued; (3) a heightened overcritical concern with the self. † Conrad’s parents are also busily engaged in the business of denial. Calvin, Conrad’s father, says, â€Å"Don’t worry. Everything is all right. By his own admission, he drinks too much, â€Å"because drinking helps†¦ , deadening the pain†. Calvin cannot tolerate conflict. Things must go smoothly. â€Å"Everything is jello and pudding with you, Dad. Calvin, the orphan says, â€Å"Grief is ugly. It is something to be afraid of, to get rid of†. â€Å"Safety and order. Definitely the priorities of his life. He constantly questions himself as to whether or not he is a good father. â€Å"What Beth, Conrad’s mother, is very self-possessed. She appears to have a highly developed super-ego, that part of an individual’s personality which is â€Å"moralistic†¦ , meeting the demands of social convention, which can be irrational in requiring certain behaviors in spite of reason, convenience and common sense†. She is furthermore, a perfectionist. â€Å"Everything had to be perfect, never ind the impossible hardship it worked on her, on them all. † Conrad is not unlike his mother. He is an overachiever, an â€Å"A† student, on the swim team and a list-maker. His father tells the psychiatrist, â€Å"I see her not being able to forgive him. For surviving, maybe. No, that’s not it, for being too much like her. † A psychoanalyst might call her anal retentive. Someone who is â€Å"fixated symbolically in orderliness and a tendency toward perfectionism†. â€Å"Excessive self-control, not expressing feelings, guards against anxiety by controlling any expression of emotion and denying emotional investment in a thing or person. She had not cried at the funeral†¦. She and Conrad had been The message of the book is contained in Berger’s glib saying that, â€Å"People who keep stiff upper lips find that it’s damn hard to smile†. We see Conrad moving toward recovery and the successful management of his stage of development, as articulated by Erikson, â€Å"intimacy vs. isolation†. At story end, his father is more open with Conrad, moving closer to him, while his mother goes off on her own to work out her issues. Both trying to realize congruence in their development stage (Erikson), â€Å"ego integrity vs. despair†. How to cite Analysis on Ordinary People by Judith Guest, Essay examples

Evaluation of Population Status Length Frequency Data of Coastal Mari

Question: Explain about the Evaluation of Population Status from Length Frequency Data of Coastal Marine Fish Species in Southern Angola? Answer: Introduction European plaice (Scientific name: Pleuronectes platessa) or hereby known as plaice is a demersal species of fish and is an important fish for Northern Europe fisheries. It is widely distributed in the waters from Western Mediterranean and the White Sea. Through different statistical data, it can be noted that the total amount of landing of this particular species is about 594 tonnes annually. For the cause of great economic value of this particular species, different management strategies have been implemented for the purpose of prevention of the stocks from collapse because of the advances in technology and historical events such as climate (Ciotti et al. 2014). The outcome has been a varied exploitation pattern, potential yield of fish stocks and sizes in the population (Cardinale et al. 2010). It should be also kept in mind that if a management plan is needed to be successful, the total population dynamics of this particular species of fish is assessed for long-term sustainable ex ploitation. In terms of industrial prospect, the Irish Sea region is considered as one of the most important single stocks along with the Cardigan Bay, St. Georges Channel, The Bristol Channel and the Celtic Sea (Deadman et al. 2015). The sustainability measurement is based on the three primary parameters which are, growth, mortality and recruitment of the fish with respect to fisheries industry. It is important to record such data as the population decrease will result in low levels of reproduction and the whole fisheries industry will face a significant setback (Toonen and Mol 2013). Another aspect, which should be considered as if the numerical of this particular species decrease, then there, is a huge possibility that the species can become endangered as well (Marx 2013). There, it is important to monitor the biological parameter on a regular basis for the purpose of conservation and reservation of this particular species based on age, size, sex and group (Liedtke et al. 2013). With respect to this context, the exploitation should also be considered as it is considered one of the major issues in current scenario. Though there is presence of some management systems for the plaice stocks in the region of Irish Sea, the species have been heavily fished in the United Kingdom region. As a result, the phenomenon of over exploitation is taking place. Therefore, it is very crucial to monitor the stocks (Caveen et al. 2014). Plaice is mostly studied in flatfishes and is based on CPUE from Danish seine fleets that can be supplemented from ports of all countries. Annual trawl surveys have been taken continuously to give valuable amount of the stock size of the species. Since, 1986 MRI (Marine Reserach Institute) started a program based on sampling to keep a check on the plaice catches which are recorded in the logbooks since 1987 (Rotander et al. 2012). It is a known fact that over exploitation is casing removal of different marine lives across the globe which poses a threat for the endangered species to be permanently extinct. From studies, it can be noted that the human population exploit more than 400 species of marine lives for the purpose of food. With respect to this particular aspect, it can be also highlighted that along with fishing, ghost fishing, tropic cascading effects and food we competition are also harming the stock population of the Plaice species (Gibson et al. 2014). The primary focus of this particular study is to measure and assesses all the biological parameters of plaice population present at the regions of Eastern-Anglesey and North-West Wales coastal water regions on growth, mortality and maturity. With respect to the ongoing studies, it can be said that a detailed data will provide important information in terms of fisheries science. The obtained result will provide information regarding the current amount of stock, which will help to design effective and efficient management strategies for the purpose of sustainable fishing (Pauly et al. 2013). Moreover, the study will outline the specifications of European Plaice that will be analysed from 2006-2015 to generate the effectiveness of current situation for implementing useful strategies. Materials and Methods Sample Collection The given samples were collected from the surveys on floorboard namely RV Prince Mandog, the known research pot in Bangor University for the School of Ocean Sciences. The surveys were carried from the year 2006 to 2015 for 10 years, with two supplementary search taking place in December of 2010 and 2011. The data sites included were same as included earlier. They were namely Conwy Bay and Red Wharf Bay, the inshore sites and Colwyn Bay and Point Lynas, the offshore sites. The outer search was taken with the help of mesh size of 76mm. The check lasted for a middling 57 minutes. The sorting of catch was done with the measurement of each fish to the nearest value of mm and then prearranged into strata of length subclass. The subclass limited to 1cm size class amongst the first three fishes, which were gradually retained for further analysis and interpretation. Lab Analysis: After examining and analysing the fishes, each fish was documented under the total length (cm) and weight (g). The fish was classified into different categories right from age to sex with specification of examined gonads to study the maturity level of each fish. The sagittal otoliths of every fish were separated and were simultaneously positioned in the labelled envelopes. Subsequent to separation of otolith, the fishes were histoclear and were viewed under a stereo microscope for the determination of ages. The maturity categorization were according to three stages identified as Stage 1 as immature, Stage 2 as maturing and Stage 3 as mature. Age frequency was determined to 0.5 years according to the plaices under the microscopic examination. Data Analysis Profusion and distribution of frequency The data from each site taken was initially summed to find the total number plaice, and later was divided and alienated by the drag time to discover the per unit catch effort (CPUE). Each plaices total length (TL) was alienated to lessen variability into 3 cm size divisions. The age, size and class was calculated according to the percentage of each plaice trapped. Growth For structuring growth, each plaice was studied based on the affiliation amid length and weight for females and males individually. The results were generated using the following equation W= aLb (where W is weight in grams, TL is the average in centimetre and a and b are stable variables) (Wang et al. 2015). The slopes of female and male regression lines were carried out by performing linear regression and general linear model in SPSS statistical tool for the efficiency of p value. The regression lines were calculated to institute whether there is any difference between the sexes. However, to investigate further, the growth of plaice one-sample t test was constructed to find whether the growth of plaice is isometric or allometric (Langan 2012). The non-linear regression model was performed individually on male and female samples to examine the von Bertalanffy growth equation, Lt=L [1-e-k (t-to)] (where Lt stand for the average TL at age t (years), L is the greatest length, k is the Brody coefficient of growth (year-1), and t0 symbolizes the notional age at duration zero (year)). These likelihood ratio tests were subject to inspect the significant differences between the female and males growth curves and whether is efficient in nature. (Marriott et al. 2012). Replica The frequency calculated by gender, age and size of plaice with the population from 2006 to 2015 was calculated based on the chi square to show the differences were significantly different or not and goodness of fit was checked on R2 to reveal tghe significances of the frequencies and the population of plaices. The equation Y=1/[1+e-r(L-L50)] (where, Y is the percentage of per length fully grown fish class (cm), L50 was the average taken for length, and r being stable), was enhanced to approximate the length of the plaice at 50% maturity (Beckensteiner 2013). The same method was used to approximate the age using SPSS statistical tool at 50% development of the plaice. SPSS results were designed to formulate to fit the model with the bent regression lines in the scenarios. The mean age was assessed as (A50) and length (L50) with the logistic equation, P=1/(1+exp[X-X50)](P is the fraction mature which is considered a particular age or length for class, X50 is the prescribed extent or at 50% maturity and r is stable variablewhere the maturity of plaice could be identified. The results are generated using SPSS and Excel results. Mortality The mortality grades were considered using the collective female and male statistics. This poiunt refers to the commercial fisheries were the difference is not taken between the two (Marriot et al. 2012). The equation, M=-LN(0.01)/tmax was used to calculate approximately natural mortality of the plaice. The equation described, Nt=N0e-Zt was calculated for the entire mortality of the stock given by Z. Z-M then helped in calculating the mortality of fishing. The percentage form was expressed using the exploitation rate F/Z (Mohammadikia et al. 2014). Results Profusion and distribution of frequency A large amount of trawls were assumed between 2006 and 2015, during which 4974 plaice were retained for the subsample, of which 2330 were male and 2519 were female. 50.64% of Plaice trapped were from inshore sites and 49.36% from offshore sites as the location is shown in figure 1. The range of length between female and male were highly variable. The range for female TL varied from 8.5 cm to 51 cm and the range of male TL varied from 6 cm to 37.3 cm is shown table 1. However, the majority female lengths were found amid 27 cm and 33 cm (consisting of 26.67% of the total females trapped), whilst the majority male lengths were found between 18 cm and 23 cm (consisting of 42.31% of the total males trapped). The assortment was from 0 to 8 years in female fishes and in males it appeared to have less years, approximately from 0 to 5 years when compared with female fish. The preponderance of female fish trapped were 3 years old (35.84% of the females trapped) while males fishes results showed to be 2 years old (63.94% of male plaice trapped). This can be seen in table 2. Growth The general linear model under regression not only revealed noteworthy dissimilarities between the gradients but also the weight and length data for females and males that came out to be F2518 = 98234.353, P2328 = 72264.872, P3.240 (SE = 0.14424 R2 = 0.975, P 0.0001 and for males, W = 391.430L3.024 (SE = .14162, R2 = 0.969, P 0.0001 (table 3). The b-values were also appeared to be considerably different and thus made known allometric growth in the plaice (; t = 268.821, 2328 d.f., P 0.0000: ; t = 313.424, 2517 d.f., P 0.0001) (table 3). A probability ratio test has shown that major distinctions were highlighted amid development of male and female plaice regarding age (x2 = 59.786, d.f. = 80, P = 0.0001) (table 5). The growth curves of Von Bertalanffy for individual male and female can be instituted in figure 2 and can be portrayed for female as the following model Lt = 41.090 (1-e-0.376(t-0.410)) and for males as Lt = 30.031 (1-e-0.447(t-0.779)) (figure 3 and table 4). Replica The plaice trapped showed results as 37.3% of the females and 23.56% of the males, which were mature. Table 4 represents the proportion of mature plaice catch at per size class (cm). The values A50 and L50 for mutually between males and females were contrasting as (L50 of females was 7.672 cm and males was 40 cm. A50 for females was 3.4 years and males was 3.6 years.) For the genders of plaice united, the L50 value was 23.836 cm, and A50 3.4 years. It can be shown in figure 4. Mortality The 2 (chi square) values showed that size had no influence on the sex proportions such that the interaction came out to be negligible. The value of male fish came out to be Z=0.541year-1 and female fish came out to be as Z=0.341year-1. The total mortality was premeditated to be Z = 0.441 year-1. There is no surprise that GLM shows that there is difference but not significant difference in the Z-values for male and female Red Gurnard. The p-values according to age were P 0.001 is found in table 5 and figure 5. Discussion The equation of growth curve Von Bertalanffy curve exposed that males and females possess distinct growth patterns individually. Male fish had utmost 6 years, when compared with females had maximum age till 8 years (Schckel et al. 2012). As per the results, it is shown that female haves have more growth and age advantage as compared to male plaice. This growth rate depicted in results is very common in plaice (Lee et al. 2013). The males sufficiently use extensive physical reserves and energy for replication process than females that is why they achieve their maturity before females. Moreover, male plaice do not use much of their energy in growth in relation to females because they use excessive energy in reproduction than in growth size. At later stage, maturity in female plaice helps them to achieve a prominent stage where maturity allows females to reach a point where egg production could be prominently done (Nissling et al. 2013). According to the earlier studies, it was shown that males achieve their maturity level in immature age before female plaice and that is primary reason for them to be in shorter in length. However, female and male in this investigation were found to be in accord with the preponderance of mature males between 18-23cm in contrast to mature females, which were between 33 and 38 cm. In addition, males were to gain maturity at 2 years and female at 3 years. The egg production in females necessitates more physical resources than males as stated earlier. After analysing the results, it can be said this is the prime reason for the difference between age and maturity in male and female plaice and length at maturity gives increased resources that support production of eggs in females (Ganias et al. 2014). Hence, the male fish does not increase in size because all the physical resources are exhausted earlier because of achieving earlier maturity. The length and age varies drastically between different stocks of plaice as a result, it makes comparisons quite difficult in difference between the years. For this learning, 50% maturity of length was 37 cm for females, and 30 cm for males. According to growth studies based on plaice, one recent study highlights the population based growth estimates of plaice showing that 0-group plaice is based on otolith analysis and DEB modelling. The maturity and growth are different through years with different patterns of temperature. However, according to study analysed and recent study in 2016 highlights that growth decline does not relates to size of the fish. However, according to data analysed from 2006 to 2015, shows an change but showed a smaller growth and not wholly dependent on size (Cardoso et al. 2016). References Beckensteiner, J., 2013.Evaluation of Population Status from Length Frequency Data of Coastal Marine Fish Species in Southern Angola(Doctoral dissertation). Cardinale, M., Hagberg, J., Svedng, H., Bartolino, V., Gedamke, T., Hjelm, J., Brjesson, P. and Norn, F., 2010. Fishing through time: population dynamics of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) in the KattegatSkagerrak over a century.Population ecology,52(2), pp.251-262. Cardoso, J.F., Freitas, V., de Paoli, H., Witte, J.I. and van der Veer, H.W., 2016. Growth conditions of 0-group plaice Pleuronectes platessa in the western Wadden Sea as revealed by otolith microstructure analysis.Journal of Sea Research. Caveen, A., Polunin, N., Gray, T. and Stead, S.M., 2014.The Controversy Over Marine Protected Areas: Science Meets Policy. Springer. Ciotti, B.J., Targett, T.E., Nash, R.D. and Geffen, A.J., 2014. Growth dynamics of European plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. in nursery areas: A review.Journal of Sea Research,90, pp.64-82. Dedman, S., Officer, R., Brophy, D., Clarke, M. and Reid, D.G., 2015. Modelling abundance hotspots for data-poor Irish Sea rays.Ecological Modelling,312, pp.77-90. Ganias, K., Murua, H., Domnguez-Petit, R., Claramunt, G., Gonalves, P., Juanes, F., Kennedy, J., Klibansky, N., Korta, M., Kurita, Y. and Lowerre-Barbieri, S., 2014. Egg production. Gibson, J., Day, J., Dobbs, K. And Molloy, F., 2012. Great Barrier Reef Region Strategic Assessment.Progress in Marine Conservation in Europe 2012,18, p.167. Langan, L.M., 2012. Irelands understudied flatfish: reproduction, age and growth of the dab Limanda limanda (L.) in Irish coastal waters. Lee, W.S., Monaghan, P. and Metcalfe, N.B., 2013. Experimental demonstration of the growth ratelifespan trade-off.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences,280(1752), p.20122370. Liedtke, T., Gibson, C., Lowry, D. and Fagergren, D., 2013. Conservation and Ecology of Marine Forage FishesProceedings of a Research Symposium, September 2012. Marriott, R.J., Jackson, G., Lenanton, R., Stephenson, P., Lai, E., Telfer, C., Bruce, C., Wise, B.S., Adams, D.J., Norriss, J. and Molony, B., 2012.Biology and stock status of key demersel species in the Gascoyne Coast bioregion. Western Australian Department of Fisheries. Perth, Western Australia(No. 228, p. 221). Fisheies Research Report. Marx, V., 2013. Biology: The big challenges of big data.Nature,498(7453), pp.255-260. Mohammadikia, D., Kamrani, E., Taherizadeh, M.R., Soleymani, A., Farokhi, E. and Momeni, M., 2014. Age and growth of flathead, Platycephalus indicus from the Persian Gulf (Bandar Abbas, Iran).Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,94(05), pp.1063-1071. Nissling, A., Florin, A.B., Thorsen, A. and Bergstrm, U., 2013. Egg production of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, in the Baltic Sea.Journal of sea research,84, pp.77-86. Pauly, D., Hilborn, R. and Branch, T.A., 2013. Fisheries: does catch reflect abundance?.Nature,494(7437), pp.303-306. Rotander, A., van Bavel, B., Polder, A., Rigt, F., Auunsson, G.A., Gabrielsen, G.W., Vkingsson, G., Bloch, D. and Dam, M., 2012. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine mammals from Arctic and North Atlantic regions, 19862009.Environment international,40, pp.102-109. Schckel, S., Sell, A.F., Krncke, I. and Reiss, H., 2012. Diet overlap among flatfish species in the southern North Sea.Journal of fish biology,80(7), pp.2571-2594. Toonen, H.M. and Mol, A.P., 2013. Putting sustainable fisheries on the map? Establishing no-take zones for North Sea plaice fisheries through MSC certification.Marine Policy,37, pp.294-304. Wang, H., Tang, J.F., Ruan, R., Wang, F. and Xiong, W., 2015. Lengthweight relationships of two fish species from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, China.Journal of Applied Ichthyology,31(6), pp.1175-1176.

Research Proposal on Drug Trafficking Essay Example

Research Proposal on Drug Trafficking Essay Drug trafficking is the illegal production, transportation, and trade with drugs. It is evident that the existence of drug trafficking is the international problem which requires rapid solutions. The harmful impact of drugs is known all over the world, that is why the majority of drugs, even the lightest of them are prohibited. Drugs are known to cause substantial psychological influence of the individual, and most of them produce addiction so that the person spends her money to purchase more and more drugs because she can not survive without them on the psychological and physical level. Drug trafficking is probably the most profitable business because billions of dollars are spent on them all over the world annually. The income received from drug trafficking will never improve the economics of the country because this business is most often controlled by severe criminals who use the finance for their good. Drug trafficking is a dangerous phenomenon which can spoil the economic development of the country because if a significant number of traffickers are concentrated in a particular place, the production rates reduce because of the increase of the name of the drug addicts. No wonder, the countries of South America, Africa, South Italy have economic problems being the centers of the world drug trafficking. Drug trafficking is a dangerous phenomenon not just because of the harmful effect of drugs on the human health, but because of the numerous social problems which are caused by drugs: addiction, crime, unemployment, suicides, prostitution, etc. The drug addict is ready to do everything to purchase the following dose of drugs and starts to commit crimes if there are no alternatives. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Drug Trafficking specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Drug Trafficking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Drug Trafficking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Drug trafficking is a serious problem which requires a solution. The student can try to solve the answer to this eternal question completing a research proposal which would suggest the analysis of the most relevant and troublesome issues of the problem. One should study the history, geography and social aspects of drug trafficking, evaluate the consequences of this phenomenon, observe the methods and efforts which are taken to reduce the impact of this problem. The quality and the right techniques should be applied in the process of the investigation to persuade the professor of the urgency of the topic. The young professional can succeed in the process of writing relying on the high-quality well-formatted free example research proposal on drug trafficking composed by the real expert in this issue. It is a smart decision to take advantage of a free sample research proposal on drug trafficking which can teach the student to compose the text professionally and format the paper according to the standards of his educational institution. If you want a PhD degree expert to help you with academic proposal writing, check the following writing service:

Free Essays on Odysseus As A Leader And A Hero

to Amphinimos, one of the suitors. This quote caught my attention because it shows the new role Odysseus had to take on and how well he disguised himself (aside from his scar). This quote represents his leader side and all of the lies and stories Odysseus told in order to get revenge on the suitors. Odysseus fits his part as a beggar so well that sometimes you (the reader) start to forget that Odysseus was once a great hero. Odysseus also has a heroic side to him. He doesn’t let fear get in the way of his actions. â€Å"Son of Laertes, versatile Odysseus, a... Free Essays on Odysseus As A Leader And A Hero Free Essays on Odysseus As A Leader And A Hero â€Å"†¦ Be quiet; keep it from the others, else I warn you, and I mean it, too, if by my hand god brings the suitors down I’ll kill you, nurse, r not, when the time comes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I would like to start off by showing Odysseus’ non-heroic or â€Å"leader† side. Those words he spoke to Eurymakhos, the women who nursed and raised him since his birth, are cruel and somewhat selfish. I don’t understand how anyone could even think of killing a person who cares so much about you, and after not seeing Eurymakhos for twenty years he should be happy to see her! But Odysseus, the leader, won’t let anyone get in the way of his plans. Another big part of Odysseus’ leader side was Aitheon, the man he disguised himself as. Almost every time Aitheon spoke a new lie was created. Odysseus didn’t have time to think of what he would say in which situation, which is why we often found him improvising while playing the role of Aitheon. â€Å"Of all that breathes and crawls across the earth, our mother earth breeds nothing feebler than a man. So long as the gods’ grant him power, spring in his knees, he thinks he will never suffer affliction down the years. But then, when the happy gods bring on the long hard times, bear them he must, against his will, and steel his heart. Our lives, our mood and mind as we pass across the earth, turn as the days turn †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Odysseus spoke these words to Amphinimos, one of the suitors. This quote caught my attention because it shows the new role Odysseus had to take on and how well he disguised himself (aside from his scar). This quote represents his leader side and all of the lies and stories Odysseus told in order to get revenge on the suitors. Odysseus fits his part as a beggar so well that sometimes you (the reader) start to forget that Odysseus was once a great hero. Odysseus also has a heroic side to him. He doesn’t let fear get in the way of his actions. â€Å"Son of Laertes, versatile Odysseus, a...

Astro-Hoaxes You Shouldnt Take Seriously

Astro-Hoaxes You Shouldnt Take Seriously Every year we see stories about how Earth is going to be hit by an asteroid, or that Mars will be as big as the full Moon, or a NASA probe has found evidence of life on Mars. In fact, the list of astronomy hoaxes is never-ending. One way to find out whats really happening is to check out the debunking site Snopes. Their writers are usually on top of the latest stories, and not just in weird science. Earth as a Target: Maybe, but Not the Way You Think The recurring story about Earth and an incoming asteroid  usually shows up in the supermarket press, often with a projected date, but few other details. It almost always cites NASA, but doesnt name a scientist who is making the prediction. In addition, the story rarely mentions amateur astronomers and their observations. There are thousands of these people around the world watching the skies, and if an incoming asteroid were to be on a collision course with Earth, theyd see it (unless it was really quite small). It is true that NASA and a world-wide group of both professional and amateur observers are monitoring the space near Earth for any possible Earth-crossing asteroids. Those would be the most likely types of objects to pose a threat to our planet. Announcements of Earth-crossing or Earth-approaching asteroids would show up at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Near Earth Object Program web page. And  such objects are usually spotted pretty far in advance. The known Potentially Hazardous asteroids have very, very small chances of colliding with Earth in the next 100 years; its less than one tenth of one percent of a chance.  So, the answer to whether or not theres an asteroid homing in on Earth is No. Just no. And, for the record, supermarket tabloids are not scientific journals. Mars Will Be as Big as the Full Moon!   Of all the astronomy hoaxes to circulate on the web, the idea that Mars will look as big as the full Moon on some given date is one of the most inaccurate. The Moon lies 238,000 miles away from us; Mars never gets closer than 36 million miles. Theres no way they can look the same size, not unless Mars wants to get a lot closer to us, and if it did, it would be pretty catastrophic. The hoax began with a poorly worded email announcing that  Mars - as seen through a 75-power telescope - would look as big as the full Moon would look to the naked eye. This was supposed to occur in 2003, when Mars and Earth were closest to each other in their orbits (but still more than 34 million miles apart). Now, the same rumor comes around every year. No matter where we are in our orbits with respect to each other, Mars will look like a small point of light from Earth and the Moon will look big and lovely. NASA Is (Not) Hiding Life on Mars The red planet Mars currently has two working rovers on its surface:  Opportunity and Curiosity. They are sending back images of rocks, mountains, valleys, and craters. Those images are taken during daylight hours under all kinds of lighting conditions. Occasionally an image shows a rock in the shadows. Due to our propensity to see faces in rocks and clouds (a phenomenon called pareidolia), its sometimes easy to see a shadowy rock as a form, a crab, or a statue of a debutante. The infamous Face on Mars turned out to be a rocky bluff with shadows that looked like eyes and a mouth. It was a trick of light and shadow playing across rock outcrops and cliffs. Its like the Old Man of the Mountain in New Hampshire in the United States. It was a rock overhang that, from one angle, looked like an old mans profile. If you looked at it from another direction, it was just a rocky cliff. Now, because it cracked and crashed to the ground, its a pile of rock. There are already some pretty interesting things on Mars that science can tell us about, so theres no need to imagine fantastic creatures where only rocks exist. And, just because Mars scientists debunk the existence of a face or a rock that looks like a crab does not mean theyre hiding life on Mars. If they had found any shred of evidence of living beings on the red planet now (or in the past), it would be huge news. At least, thats what common sense tells us. And common sense is an important factor in doing science as well as exploring the universe.

International money and finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International money and finance - Essay Example Brewin Dolphin has functions in the UK, Republic of Ireland and Channel Island. For such transnational companies, foreign exchange exposure can be categorised as translational and transactional risks. Transactional risk arises when a firm faces possibility of monetary loss from its business transactions that has been undertaken in foreign currencies. The company is an international investment firm and consequently is involved in deals that require continuous purchase and selling of currencies (Kelley, 2001). On the other hand, translational risk exposure arises when firms invest in foreign assets and record it in firm’s balance sheet. For minimisation of translational exposure, firms should make minimum investment in foreign assets. However, these risks are countered by multinational companies by purchasing different swaps, options, futures and forward contracts (Erb, Harvey and Viskanta, 1996). The company primarily operates in the economic environment of the UK; hence, its functional currency is pound sterling for all kind of financial reporting. However, one positive point in this regard is that the company does not have operation in multiple bases and as a result, the exchange rate exposure for the company is relatively limited. In other words, degree of currency imbalance is less for the firm (Brewin dolphin, 2013). In this regard, management of foreign exchange exposure in the UK depends considerably on restrictions on net open position of working balances of firms. Minimisation of foreign exposure is a national concern and the Bank of England has made it certain for multinational firms that the net amount of foreign currency or currency that a firm transact in should be at least 10 percent higher than the firm’s own capital (Bank of England, 2011). It was determined that the company comply with the foreign exchange policies that have been

What does it mean to speak of a United Kingdom Is there such a thing Essay

What does it mean to speak of a United Kingdom Is there such a thing as British nationalism - Essay Example In the contemporary period, United Kingdom is an example of the same idea, different countries including Ireland, Scotland, England and Wales united themselves on cultural and national grounds under a sovereign state, that is, the United Kingdom (Bowden 2007). United Kingdom is a symbol of a cultural union, whereas British nationalism is being discriminated among Welsh, Scottish, Irish and English on the basis of their national ideologies. After the nineteenth century, the concept of liberalism democracy overwhelmed nationalism. The ambiguity among these four countries under British nationalism is a major controversial issue that has been debated over period (Aughey, 2001). This paper briefs about United Kingdom and British Nationality. It further argues British Nationality with its relation to England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales’s nationalist views. United Kingdom is a combination of four countries sharing similar language, culture, and legal system. It is located in the nor thwest of the European continent, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It comprises of regions of the northeastern part of Ireland, Island of Britain and other small islands. It mainly consists of four countries, that is, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (Nairm 2010). ... People belonging to the region share similar cultures, values and legal systems. The term United Kingdom is often used as a synonym for Great Britain, geographically England. United Kingdom is a sovereign state that includes England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, sharing British ethnicity, with respect to Ireland it has been controversial (Nairm 2010). These four countries share economical, political and cultural integrity on national grounds. These countries share political concordance on under the constitutional monarchy, headed by Queen Elizabeth II (McEwen 2012). While speaking of United Kingdom, It comes to our understanding that four independent countries unite themselves under a sovereign state to protect their national interests; therefore they shall share British Nationalism (Jenkin 2012). The transformation of democratic trends has created discrimination among these countries with respect to their national ideology. British Nationalism asserts a sense of unity among the nations and promotes their cultural unity. It defines that the ‘Britishness’ includes people from England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland share similar cultural identity and are declared as British descendants (Jenkin 2012). The concept of British nationalism aims to closely associate and strength political links between British Isles (McEwen 2012). British nationalism is the political movement that was established after World War II, it aims to protect British Empire that has been suppressed during 1960s and 1970s (Bowden 2007). The main emphasis of the British nationalism is to protect and strength political interests that were suppressed in the past (McEwen 2012). British nationalism is influenced by historical experiences, the dark events

Human resource management activities in healthcare Essay Example for Free

Human resource management activities in healthcare Essay There are many external and internal factors that might affect the health care organizations; however they are more likely to be affected by external forces that in turn affect their daily operations. Some of the factors that affect the human resource department of a healthcare organization are mentioned below. †¢ Economic factors †¢ Social and cultural changes †¢ Technological changes †¢ Legal changes HR planning and analysis Premeditated planning is a procedure that allows the health care associations to direct their future actions utilizing the resources that are accessible to them while keeping in mind the goals of the organization. There are some internal and external strength that have to be taken care of by the association and then a SWOT Analysis should be carried out. Some of the advantages of Human Resource planning are that it permits effectual use of workers and assists to replace the significant vacancies that have to be filled. Furthermore, planning suggests realistic recruitment projections, facilitates the staffing resources to be utilized more proficiently and efficiently and it also allows a improved focused investment in training and retraining, growth, career counseling and efficiency enrichment and also assists to uphold as well as to get better the level of variety. Human Resource planning is a very fundamental part of premeditated planning in addition to strategic HR planning, it assists to examine and classify the need for and accessibility of HR so that the association can meet its goals. Pynes, 2004). Projections aids in appraising the current condition and to estimate future demand and affairs by looking at the history trends of the association and is significant for the associations in a way that it assists to predict the retirement plans of the staff whereas the demand estimate helps to foresee the labor force that would be required in the future. EEO compliance EEO stands for equal employment opportunity and this expression was shaped by President Lyndon B.  Johnson when he marked Executive Order 11246 on September 24, 1965, formed to forbid federal contractors from discerning against workers on the grounds of race, sex, creed, belief, color, or nationality. Recently most managers have also added sexual compass reading to the directory of non-discrimination. The Executive Order as well required contractors to put into practice affirmative achievement plans to augment the contribution of minorities and females in the place of work. Pursuant to federal policy, affirmative achievement plans must comprise of an equivalent opportunity plan statement, an examination of the existing work force, recognition of problem areas, the establishment of objectives and schedules for mounting employment prospects, definite action-oriented plans to tackle problem areas, support for society action plans and the establishment of an internal audit and reporting structure. (EEOC, n. d. ). The reason why employment opportunity equal is important is because it is morally a right way to conduct oneself in the workplace, moreover it also helps in making the business prosper. The way that I move toward civil rights laws and employment civil rights laws, is I in fact think that they are all connected, they are all civil rights laws, anti-discrimination laws in the place of work, whether anti-discrimination on the grounds of race, sex, disability, age, creed or nationality they are all entrenched in the similar bedrock standard and i. e. , that individuals should be judged in the place of work, based upon their capability to carry out the job and not based upon the threats, myths and typecast that one may have because of their race, or gender, or disability, or age, belief or nationality. That is in fact the unifying feature of all of the regulations in which the EEOC puts into practice and imposes, I think that is really significant that is both rising out of my own personal understanding and what I feel is right; that people should be judged based upon their ability to do the job and thats really the very simple core of what we do. And if you sort of take that notion, that principle, one step further, or take it one step, it makes business better. To the extent that youre making employment decisions in the workplace, whether they be on the basis of hiring somebody for a job or promoting somebody for a job, or treating somebody on the job, you ground those workplace decisions in the ability of that individual to do the job, rather than on a stereotype, or a fear, or a myth, because that person is from a different race than you, or a different religion, or looks different, or is older, or doesnt walk, or moves around or communicates in a different way from you. If you base those workplace decisions, upon the ability of that individual to do the job, you will get the most qualified person. You wont let internal biases, or fears, or myths, or stereotypes get in the way of selecting the best qualified person. Therefore I think, it is in best interest of the business to strip away those typecasts, those threats and those myths, in order to obtain the best competent person, because then company will really be improved. The Quotations page, n. d. ). Other considerations Some of the other considerations the human resource management in the health care organizations has to take care of are staffing, development of employees, compensation, health, safety and employee and maintaining labor management relation. Staffing The HR department must ensure that a fair selection policy is being used when hiring a candidate and everyone should be given an equal opportunity. Moreover, the job should be made available for every person who has the potential to do it and for this both internal and external recruitment should be opted for. Other than this, it is also essential to provide clear job criteria for the vacancies that are being announced by the human resource department of a healthcare organization. Full supervision must be done to ensure that the right candidate has been hired after which training should be provided to him. (Shi, 2006). Development of employees Health care organizations should invest in training to augment individual performance and organizational productivity, moreover it should also focus on developing management skills/development and supervisory skills, technical skills and communication skills and provide training to the employees who are new in the organization especially the ones who are working or are hired for lower-level positions in order to augment their performance. Compensation This comprises the wages and bonuses, vacation payment, sick leave payments, recompense of the staff and insurance policies, etc. , it is HR Department that is in command to expand and to direct the benefits compensation structure for the workers that serve as an incentive to promise the staffing. Their objective does not just come to an end after staffing but they also have to work on retaining workers and make them stay on with the organization. Once the employee is hired, it is the duty of the benefits coordinator to explain the benefits and the incentives the employee can expect from the organization so that the employee is aware about it in the beginning and he does not get discouraged later onwards. Health and safety It is essential for the organization to ensure safety of employees at the workplace and the health care organizations must their employees’ health and medical benefits and the employees should be given free medical services. Employee management relation and Labor management relation It is essential for the HRM at the healthcare organization to avoid any kind of discrimination in context with the age, gender, race or religion of an employee and it is basically the duty of the HR department to take care of this so that fair treatment is given to each and every person. Moreover, the HR department must also provide the assistance of negotiation in case any issues arise between the employees working at any level in the organization in order to ensure a healthy work environment. In the same way, the HR department also has to manage the labor and have good terms with them as well. (Leat, 2001).

Quest for Wisdom Essay -- essays research papers

Quest for Wisdom: Two Approaches Two approaches to the â€Å"Quest for Wisdom† that I enjoyed are Walden, by Henry David Thoreau and Man’s Search for Meaning, by Viktor E. Frankl. Both of the authors took similar approaches by using narration of a main segment of their lives to explain their philosophy and how they arrived at their conclusions. Though both conclusions represent individualism they are strikingly different. Thoreau values the doctrines of Transcendentalism, seeking ones inner self through Nature, while Frankl Existentialism values the interpretation of individual experiences and responsibility of ones actions. Thoreau spent years building his approach and developing his own beliefs. Born in Concord, Massachusetts, in July 1817, he developed an early love of solitude and communion with nature. He studied English, history, philosophy, and four different modern languages at Harvard College and graduated in 1837. From 1837 to 1840 he tried jobs unsuccessfully as school teacher and tutor. From 1841 to 1843 he took a job as a gardener and handyman where he was inspired by the exploration and writing about spiritual relationships between humanity and nature, and the ideas of Ralph Emerson. On July 4, 1845 Thoreau started an experiment on Emerson’s land at Walden Pond and spent two years watching, writing, and understanding the power of nature. The only way Thoreau could encounter a relationship with nature was to independently bond with the way of the woods, streams, p...

A home is an important investment

A home is an important investment, and the prices reflect this all over the United States. In some states, finding the perfect house for your budget is more difficult than in other, and this has proven to be so in New Jersey. The purpose of this research was to find out the availability of good houses in New Jersey at prices that would be affordable a member of the lower-to-middle income families. Specifically, a three or four bedroom two-storey house with two bathrooms, equipped with natural gas energy, a basement, separate dining and kitchen, and a large backyard.This proved to be rather difficult in Vineland, New Jersey as most houses of this description any where in the state exceed the $200,000 that is the budget for this project. To begin with, I calculated the amount of down-payment I was able to afford at $7000. Traditionally, down-payments have been 20% (Bruss), but I was able to find a bank that would offer 95% financing with private mortgage insurance (PMI). For a family o f four seeking a house with three or four bedrooms and two bathrooms, even with no other parameters, finding one for under $200,000 was difficult.After searching several sites on the internet, newspaper, and calling real-estate agencies, the lowest price located was initially $310,000. Though the one of the lowest-priced on the market, this house did have central heating. It was more than ten years old, however, which was older than I had hoped. I chose the neighborhood Vineland because I sought an area with a good public school system at a location outside of the city. I also sought a place that had low property taxes, but that was difficult to find.The Newark Star-Ledger announced a â€Å"drastic increase in New Jersey property taxes,† declaring that the state has the highest property taxes in all of the United States, averaging $10,000 in 36 municipalities (Donohue). Therefore, finding a house with a reasonable tax rate was a virtual impossibility. These requirements prove d to be a challenge since, according to The Daily Journal of Vineland, â€Å"Through the centuries, New Jersey has relied on property taxes to finance schools and local services† (Baldwin). This suggested that the better funded the school system, the higher the property tax would be.It was necessary to find a house of at least three bedrooms as there are two children in this family of four. The four-year-old needs a backyard to play in, preferably one with trees, and a septic tank would be too much to handle. Houses in the suburbs generally have trees in the backyard, (though there were none at that price). I did find a two-story house for that price with a backyard, basement, and three bedrooms, but not in Vineland, and it had only one bathroom (Foxtons). It also had an attractive property tax rate, but the sewer was septic and it was 50 years old.Further searching led to a very nice home in Vineland with all the required amenities, including separate formal living and dinin g rooms, city sewer, a garage. It also had a fireplace and four bedrooms. The well-funded and vibrant public school system was an added attraction (Vineland Public Schools). It was, however, 31-40 years old and being sold for $269,000. In addition, the property taxes were approximately two times as high as the $200,000 house and the average down-payment was $13,495. (Century 21).The research found that though many opportunities exist to purchase a nice home, one has to be willing to pursue a very diligent and detailed search. Though houses exist that fit the spectrum of buyers’ desires, it is necessary to have a reasonable sum at your disposal for spending on the house of your dreams. It was difficult to find a house that fit the description (three bedrooms, two bathrooms, separate kitchen and dining, basement, central heating, excellent public school system, under ten years old) for as low as $200,000. However, a few nice ones existed for little over $50,000 more.Although th e perfect home is yet to be located, I am hopeful that all the possibilities have not yet been exhausted, as the search has brought me closer to my goal. Works Cited Baldwin, Tom. â€Å"Governor Did Little to Ease Property Tax Burden. † The Daily Journal. Vineland. 2004. Available: http://www. thedailyjournal. com/apps/pbcs. dll/ article? AID=/20041115/NEWS01/411150337/1002 Bruss, Robert J. â€Å"How to Buy Real Estate for Nothing Down. † Loans USA. 2004. Available: http://www. 1loansusa. com/articles/Articles06_11_04/news1. html Centruy 21. â€Å"Property Details: Vineland, NJ 08361.† Available: http://www. century21. com/buy/property_detail. aspx? teasers=property-detail- pic+Property+Detail+with+Pictures&tr_key=31891830&bSite=N&Zip=08361 Donohue, Joe and Tom Hester. â€Å"Drastic Increase in New Jersey Property Taxes. † The (Newark) Star Ledger. 2005. Available: http://www. ire. org/extraextra/archives/000870. html. Foxtons. â€Å"New Brooklyn Road, B erlin† Camden. Available: http://www. thedailyjournal. com/apps/pbcs. dll/article? AID=/20041115/NEWS01/411150 337/1002 Vineland Public Schools. â€Å"Technology. † Author. Available: http://www. vineland. org/ technology/index. htm

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory of Development Monica T. reaves Survey of Research in Human Development and Behavior Dr. Fabio D’ Angelo October 27, 2012 Abstract Urie Bronfenbrenner, a well-known scholar in the field of development psychology, formulated the Human Ecology Theory. The Ecological System Theory states that human development is influenced by the different types of environments throughout our lifespan that may influence our behavior in various degrees.Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theories consist of five environmental systems that range from close interpersonal interactions to broad-based influences of cultural. There are four different systems which define the ecological theory. The systems include microsystem, mesostem, exosystem, and macrosystem (Santrock, 2008). By Urie Bronfenbrenner creating these different systems, he wanted to show that family, economy, and political structures make up the development of a child into adulthood.In this paper I will attempt to cover the theories of Bronfenbrenner as it relates to child development, while looking at environmental influences. Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory of Development One cannot grasp human development by simply observation and measuring individuals’ behavior in clinical settings that are separate from their relevant social, physical, and cultural environments (Crandell & Crandell, Vander Zanden, 2012). Urie Bronfenbrebber (1917-2005), had a major influence in the development of human development.Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model is among the most cited and frequently taught in human development. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological system, first introduced in the 1970s (Bronfenbrenner’s 1974, 1976, 1977, 1979), represented a reaction to the restricted scope of most research then being conducted by development psychologist. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological system theory looks at the child’s environment in terms of its quality a nd context. The ecological model explains the difference in an individual’s knowledge, development, and competences through the support, guidance and structure of the society in which they live.Bronfenbrenner and Crouter (1983) distinguished a series of systems for investigating the impact of environment on development. The first model pertains to the structure of the external systems that affect the family and the manner in which they exert their influence. The second dimension relates to the degree of explicitness and differentiation according to interfamilial process that are influenced by external environment (Ecology of the Family as a Context for Human Development: Research Perspectives, Developmental Psychology, 1986, Vol. 22, No. 6, pg. 723-742).According to Bronfenbrenner, the interactions between numbers of overlapping ecosystems affect a person significantly. Moving from the innermost level to the outside, these structures are defined as described below. 1. Microsy stem The microsystem refers to the environment in our daily lives. Examples include such settings as family, school, peer, group, and workplace (Santrock, 2008). It is within the immediate environment of the microsystem that operates to produce and sustain development. Mentors can play an important role in improving some student’s learning.When guidance is accomplished through demonstration, instruction, challenge, and encouragement on a more or regular basis over an extended period of time. In addition, the young person’s relationship to the mentor takes on an emotional character of respect, loyalty, and identification (Hamilton, 2004, p. 396, based on a personal communication with ecological theorist Urie Bronfenbrenne). According to Bronfenbrenner, the interactions between a number of ecosystems affect a person significantly. As two microsystems begin to work together i. e. eacher and parent working together to educate a child happens through the mesosystem. 2. Meso system The mesosystem comprises the linkages and process taking place between two or more settings containing the developing person (Santrock, 2008). It is basically a two way communication in participating in decision making by parents and teachers. In another mesosystem study, which targeted Latino and African American students in low-income areas, middle school and high school students participated in a program designed to connect their families, peers, schools, and parents’ work (Cooper, 1995).The students commented on how the outreach programs helped them bridge the gaps across their different social worlds. In their neighborhoods and schools the students were expected to fail, become pregnant, drop out of school, or misbehave. The outreach taught morals, helping others, working the community, and encouraging the young to go to college. 3. Exosystem Exosystem is the linkage between the context where in the person does not have any active roll and the context where in is actively participating(Santrock, 2008). Children tend to have limited access in the parents circle of friends and acquaintances their social network. . Microsystem The macrosystem makes up the whole cultural of an individual (Santrock, 2008). This formulation points to the necessity of going beyond the simple labels of class and cultural to identify more specific social and psychological features at the macrosystem level that untimely affect the particular conditions and process scurrying in the microsystem (Bronfenbrenner 1986,1988,1993). 5. Chronosystem The chronosysytem transitions and shifts in one’s lifespan. Not only in the characteristics of the person but also the environment in which that person lives.One example chronosystem is divorce. It is a major life transition that may affect not only the couple’s relationship but also the children’s behavior (Ecology of the family as a Context for Human Developmenrt: Research Perspectives, Developmental Psycholo gy, 1986, Vol. 22, No. 6, pg. 723-742). In reading Ecological Models of Human Development (1993) it stated that youngsters who were teenagers during Depression years, the families’ economic deprivation appeared to have a salutary effect on their subsequent development, especially with the middle class.In comparing with none deprived who were matched on per-depression socioeconomic status, deprived boys display a greater desire to achieve and firmer sense of career goals. Boys and girls form deprived homes attained greater satisfaction in life, both by their own and by societal standards (Gauvain & Cole: Reading on the development of children, 2nd Ed. 1993. Pg. 37-43). Understanding the interactions of these systems is the key in understanding how a child develops and what factors lead to failure. Bronfenbrenner’s theory has gained population in recent years.It provides one of the few theoretical frameworks for systematically examining social contexts on both micro and macro levels bridging the gap between behavioral theories that focus on small settings and anthropology theories that analyze larger settings (Santrock, 2008). In reading Bronfenbrenner theory it shows without the proper adults and supervision or love available, children look for attention inappropriate places and these behaviors give rise to problem especially in adolescences such as little self-discipline, no self-direction and anti-social behavior.We must think about the child as embedded in a number of environmental system and influences. These include schools and teachers, parents and siblings, the community and neighborhood, peers and friends, the media, religion, and culture. According to a majority of research, children are negatively affected on the first year after the divorce. The next years after it would reveal that the interaction within the family becomes more stable and agreeable (Sincero, 2012). In reading and studying Bronfenbrenner’s theories, I thought abo ut how the different levels shaped my development in life.According to Bronfenbrenner, primary relationships must be those that last a life time such as with parents and deficiencies in these relationships cannot be replaced with others. As a child I was fortunate to grow up in a home where both parents raised me. I have always had parents that showed concern with my education and daily activities. As a child I can’t think of one educator that didn’t show me concern. Even though I came from a home where I had both parents, I lived in a low-income neighborhood.Being that we lived in an area were drugs were highly used and gangs fought daily, mother hardly ever let us go to outside. Church activities and Girl Scouts was an avenue that kept me involve in positive things. The church activities taught me to be God fearing and how to act as a lady while girl scouts taught me how to get out in the world and become anything I wanted to be. As I got older things started to chan ge in my environment. My mother and father divorced when I was at the age of nine. It took a toll on me because I was a daddy’s girl and made me feel like a iece of my life was gone. Because of my mother’s strict upbringing, I never really got out of hand. I had friends that my mom knew anything about due to their wild ways of living. I was not like them but wanted to fit in so I wouldn’t be the next victim that got bullied. As I matured more into adult-hood I knew that watching my aunts and uncles that I wanted more in life. To obtain success I had to change my way of thinking and my surroundings. I knew I wanted to graduate and receive a high school diploma.I knew after accomplishing all of that, I would pursue a college degree. Getting a college degree was very exciting for me because I knew I crossed another path in my life. After graduating college I decided to pursue my Master’s degree in Human Service. Watching my mother raise six girls by herself and taught me courage and strength. In conclusion of this paper, According to Urie Bronfenbrenner (1979, p. 27) states, â€Å"Development never takes place in a vacuum; it is always embedded and expressed through behavior in a particular environment. The Ecological Theory of development shows the centers on the relationship between the developing individual and changing level of environmental influences that we go through in life (Crandell & Crandell, Vander Zanden, 2012). References Ecology of the Family as a Context for Human Development: Research Perspectives, Developmental Psychology, 1986, Vol. 22, No. 6, pg. 723-742. Retrieved 01 Nov. 2012 from Capella University Library: http:// web. ebschost. comlibrary. capella. edu/host Sarah Mae Sincero (2012). Ecological System Theory. Retrieved 01 Nov. 010 from Explorable: http://explorable. com/ecological Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological Models of Human Development. In International Encyclopedia of Education, Vol. 3, 2nd Ed. Oxfo rd: Elservier. Reprinted in: Gauvain, M. & Cole, M. (Eds. ), Reading on the development of children, 2nd Ed. (1993, pp. 37-43). NY: Freeman. John W. Santrock. (2008). Educational Psychology (3rd Edition) New York, NY: ISBN: 978-0-07-352582-2 Crandell, T. L. , Crandell, C,H. , & Vender Zanden, J. W (2012). Human Development. (10th Edition) Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-353218-9

The Art of Atomic Diplomacy

The Art of Atomic Diplomacy The term â€Å"atomic diplomacy† refers to a nation’s use of the threat of nuclear warfare to achieve its diplomatic and foreign policy goals. In the years following its first successful test of an atomic bomb in 1945, the United States federal government occasionally sought to use its nuclear monopoly as a non-military diplomatic tool. World War II: The Birth of Nuclear Diplomacy During World War II, the United States, Germany, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain were researching designs of an atomic bomb for use as the â€Å"ultimate weapon.† By 1945, however, only the United States developed a working bomb. On August 6, 1945, the United States exploded an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. In seconds, the blast leveled 90% of the city and killed an estimated 80,000 people. Three days later, on August 9, the U.S. dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people. On August 15, 1945, Japanese Emperor Hirohito announced his nation’s unconditional surrender in the face of what he called â€Å"a new and most cruel bomb.† Without realizing it at the time, Hirohito had also announced the birth of nuclear diplomacy. The First Use of Atomic Diplomacy While U.S. officials had used the atomic bomb in order to force Japan to surrender, they also considered how the immense destructive power of nuclear weapons could be used to strengthen the nation’s advantage in postwar diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. When U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved the development of the atomic bomb in 1942, he decided not to tell the Soviet Union about the project. After Roosevelt’s death in April 1945, the decision of whether to maintain the secrecy of the U.S. nuclear weapons program fell to President Harry Truman. In July 1945, President Truman, along with Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met in the Potsdam Conference to negotiate governmental control of already defeated Nazi Germany and other terms for the end of World War II. Without disclosing any specific details about the weapon, President Truman mentioned the existence of an especially destructive bomb to Joseph Stalin, leader of the growing and already feared Communist Party. By entering the war against Japan in mid-1945, the Soviet Union  placed itself in a position to play an influential part in the allied control of post-war Japan. While U.S. officials favored a U.S.-led, rather than a U.S.-Soviet shared occupation, they realized there was no way to prevent it. U.S. policymakers feared the Soviets might use its political presence in post-war Japan as a base for spreading communism throughout Asia and Europe. Without actually threatening Stalin with the atomic bomb, Truman hoped America’s exclusive control of nuclear weapons, as demonstrated by the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki would convince the Soviets to rethink their plans. In his 1965 book Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam, historian Gar Alperovitz contends that Truman’s atomic hints at the Potsdam meeting amounted to the first us of atomic diplomacy. Alperovitz argues that since the nuclear attacks on ​Hiroshima and Nagasaki were not needed to force the Japanese to surrender, the bombings were actually intended to influence postwar diplomacy with the Soviet Union. Other historians, however, contend that President Truman truly believed the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombing were needed to force the immediate unconditional surrender of Japan. The alternative, they argue would have been an actual military invasion of Japan with the potential cost of thousands of allied lives. US Covers Western Europe with a ‘Nuclear Umbrella’ Even if U.S. officials hoped the examples of Hiroshima and Nagasaki would spread Democracy rather than Communism throughout Eastern Europe and Asia, they were disappointed. Instead, the threat of nuclear weapons made the Soviet Union ever more intent on protecting its own borders with a buffer zone of communist-ruled countries. However, during the first several years after the end of World War II, the United States’ control of nuclear weapons was far more successful at creating lasting alliances in Western Europe. Even without placing large numbers of troops inside their borders, America could protect the Western Bloc nations under its â€Å"nuclear umbrella,† something the Soviet Union did not yet have. The assurance of peace for America and her allies under the nuclear umbrella would soon be shaken, however, as the U.S. lost its monopoly over nuclear weapons. The Soviet Union successfully tested its first atomic bomb in 1949, the United Kingdom in 1952, France in 1960, and the People’s Republic of China in 1964. Looming as a threat since Hiroshima, the Cold War had started. Cold War Atomic Diplomacy Both the United States and the Soviet Union frequently used atomic diplomacy during the first two decades of the Cold War. In 1948 and 1949, during the shared occupation of postwar Germany, The Soviet Union blocked the U.S. and other Western Allies from using all roads, railroads, and canals serving much of West Berlin. President Truman responded to the blockade by stationing several B-29 bombers that â€Å"could† have carried nuclear bombs if needed to U.S. airbases near Berlin. However, when the Soviets did not back down and lower the blockade, the U.S. and its Western Allies carried out the historic Berlin Airlift that flew food, medicine, and other humanitarian supplies to the people of West Berlin. Shortly after the start of the Korean War in 1950, President Truman again deployed the nuclear-ready B-29s as a signal to the Soviet Union of U.S. resolve to maintain democracy in the region. In 1953, near the end of the war, President Dwight D. Eisenhower considered, but chose not to use atomic diplomacy to gain an advantage in peace negotiations. And then the Soviets famously turned the tables in the Cuban Missile Crisis, the most visible and dangerous case of atomic diplomacy. In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961  and the presence of U.S. nuclear missiles in Turkey and Italy, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev shipped nuclear missiles to Cuba in October 1962. U.S President John F. Kennedy responded by ordering a total blockade to prevent additional Soviet missiles from reaching Cuba and demanding that all nuclear weapons already on the island be returned to the Soviet Union. The blockade produced several tense moments as ships believed to be carrying nuclear weapons were confronted and turned away by the U.S. Navy. After 13 days of hair-raising atomic diplomacy, Kennedy and Khrushchev came to a peaceful agreement. The Soviets, under U.S. supervision, dismantled their nuclear weapons in Cuba and shipped them home. In return, the United States promised never again to invade Cuba without military provocation  and removed its nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy. As a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the U.S. imposed severe trade and travel restrictions against Cuba that remained in effect until eased by President Barack Obama in 2016. The MAD World Shows the Futility of Atomic Diplomacy By the mid-1960s, the ultimate futility of atomic diplomacy had become evident. The nuclear weapons arsenals of the United States and the Soviet Union had become virtually equal in both size and destructive power. In fact, the security of both nations, as well as global peacekeeping, came to depend on a dystopian principle called â€Å"mutually assured destruction† or MAD. While President Richard Nixon briefly considered using the threat of nuclear weapons to hasten the end of the Vietnam War, he knew the Soviet Union would disastrously retaliate on behalf of North Vietnam and that both international and American public opinion would never accept the idea of using the atomic bomb. Since both the United States and the Soviet Union were aware that any full-scale first nuclear strike would result in the complete annihilation of both countries, the temptation to use nuclear weapons during a conflict was greatly diminished. As public and political opinion against the use or even the threatened use of nuclear weapons grew louder and more influential, the limits of atomic diplomacy became obvious. So while it is rarely practiced today, atomic diplomacy probably prevented the MAD scenario several times since World War II.   2019: US Withdraws from Cold War Arms Control Treaty On August 2, 2019, the United States formally withdrew from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) with Russia. Originally ratified on 1 June 1988, the INF limited the development of ground-based missiles with a range of 500 to 5,500 kilometers (310 to 3,417 miles) but did not apply to air- or sea-launched missiles. Their uncertain range and their ability to reach their targets within 10 minutes made the mistaken use of the missiles a constant source of fears during the Cold War era. Ratification of the INF launched a lengthy subsequent process during which both the United States and Russia reduced their nuclear arsenals. In exiting the INF Treaty, the Donald Trump administration cited reports that Russia had been violating the treaty by developing of a new land-based, nuclear-capable cruise missile. After long denying the existence of such missiles, Russia recently claimed the missile’s range is less than 500 kilometers (310 miles) and thus not in violation of the INF Treaty. In announcing the US’ formal withdrawal from the INF treaty, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo placed sole responsibility for the demise of the nuclear treaty on Russia. â€Å"Russia failed to return to full and verified compliance through the destruction of its noncompliant missile system,† he said.

Analyze The Procurement Methods Samples

The success of a construction project is usually determined from the initial stages through the procurement process chosen. The procurement process will influence the whole construction process and able to determine the success of the construction projects. This paper will analyze three key procurement methods namely design and construct procurement method, management procurement method and collaborative procurement. This paper will analyse the positive and negative impacts, which are accrued when these methods are adopted in construction projects. Additionally, it will look at the benefits and risks, which the different stakeholders experience when either of the methods is chosen. One of the key procurement method, which is gaining popularity in construction projects, is the design and constructs procurement method. As the name suggests, the procurement method can allow the commencement of the construction phase while the design process is still on the process (Victorian State Government, 2006). The adoption of this method is usually done to ensure that the completion of the project is completed in time. Moreover, under this procurement method, different details of the project are given in advance and therefore enhancing the stakeholders planning. Additionally, under this method, the contractor can bear most of the risks in design and implementation of the project. The terms of the contract sum are provided through competitive pricing, which the client can control (Infrastructure Australia, 2012). Under this method, different approaches, which are able to define the relationship and responsibilities of different stakeholders, are usually stated. The following diagrams are able to highlight the different approaches, which are used when this method is applied in a construction project. Under this method, the client can control only one firm which they enter into a contract with regarding the project. The firm has the responsibility for design and construction of the project. The few stakeholders involved can increase the operational efficiency when implementing projects (Mortledge, Smith, and Kashiwagi, 2006). This is able to enhance the commitment of the resources to one area and limit the time of contacting different people separately such as designers and contractor. Overlapping of activities is possible which enhances the implementation cycle. Time is usually saved when the different activities take place at the same time, and this enhances completion of the project within the stipulated timeline. Moreover, the contractor has a contribution on the design parameters, and this enhances the constructibility of the project. Additionally, the cost of implementation is under control when this method is used. The maximum price is usually determined in the procurement stage, and this ensures that any escalation is met within the set budget. Nevertheless, this method has some key flaws, which are experienced when it’s chosen to implement construction projects. The project specifications can easily change according to the needs of the client. Since the lump sum cost is fixed, it creates a hard implementation time when the specification changes (National Research Council (U.S.), & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.), 2016). This can lead to an expensive project than it was anticipated before. Also, this method requires comparison of different designs. This may take a lot of time and therefore take up implementation timeline. Moreover, the client is required to commit to a concept design before the detailed and complete designs are completed. This raises high chances for changes while the project is under implementation stage and making the project expensive (Construction Specifications Institute, 2005). Moreover, the client has to prepare all the contract documents in advance and through this method, difficulties may be experienced, where the documents are inadequate and insufficiently comprehensive due to client limitation to prepare them. Several stakeholders involved in these projects can enjoy when it is chosen to implement a construction project. First, the client has limited risks since the contractor has much of the control of the project. This means that the contractor and not the client will sort out financial escalation. Secondly, the client can receive the completed project on time. This is because overlapping of activities is possible and gives the contractors and subcontractors enough time to beat the project deadline (Construction, 2016). The method enhances proper construction method by the contractor since they were involved in the design stages. This gives them ample time for implementation and enhancing the cooperation of the different ideas. Some of the stakeholders are able to experience some problems when this method is chosen. First, the client is required to prepare the contract document, an exercise, which the client may, not be experienced in doing (Gould & Joyce, 2014). The client may experience this problem when preparing the documents. Secondly, the contractor is able to bear all the risks and therefore when the costs exceed the contractor can experience the losses. When changes occur, the cost of the project is able to change but the lump sum cost is unlikely to change and therefore the contractor bears that additional cost. The projects, which their design scopes are unlikely to change, suit this procurement method. In addition, projects whose building is functional rather than prestigious aspects are more stresses suit this method (Gould, 2012). Simple projects, where the technical knowledge is limited suit this method for implementation. Lastly, projects, which require quick implementation, need a procurement method like this to ensure quick implementation. Another upcoming procurement method in the construction projects is the management procurement. Under this procurement method, the client can appoint an independent professional team and a management contractor. This team can act as the adviser to the client in the preconstruction stages and able to carry out the construction works during the construction stage (Gould & Joyce, 2014). In addition, under this method, different approaches can as well be used. Some of these methods include management contracting, construction management and design and manage. The different stakeholders under this method relate according to the following diagram Management contracting- this method requires the appointment of an independent professional team which will advise the client and later carry out the construction works (Austroads, 2007). Early start of the project can be achieved through this approach. Construction management – this approach requires a management contractor who is able to determine the different project aspects (Arain, 2016). Work contractor is also chosen and enhance the implementation of the project works. The management contractor can manage the other contractors. Design and manage –A contractor is chosen to head the design and implementation stage of the construction project. The works contractor and consultant take different responsibilities under this approach. There are different pros, which are achieved using this method. First, the client is able to choose a single firm, which he or she deals with. This enhances the management and coordination from the client perspective (Mortledge, Smith, and Kashiwagi, 2006). Additionally, overlapping of activities is possible through this method and therefore enhancing early completion of the project. Constructability is usually enhanced since the contractor is involved in the design stage when this method is chosen. Competitiveness in tendering process ensures value for money to the client. Additionally, all roles and responsibilities to the different stakeholders are usually stipulated and therefore minimising conflict of interest. Lastly, the flexibility of design is usually possible to suit the client preferences. First, this method is not certain about the cost of the project, and it is only known at the end of the project completion. This means that cost escalation can be able to increase and making the implementation stage hard. Additionally, the client is much involved in the process and therefore requires client who has knowledge of the construction process (Gould, 2012). Additionally, the client is able to lose the control of the design, a responsibility which constructors can take. This means clients needs may not be addressed fully (Harris, Mccaffer & Edum-Fotwe, 2013). Lastly, clear definition of the implementation timeline and all information of the project is required before the implementation stage commences, which may be hard to provide. The client has an easy time in control of the single firm chosen to manage the project. This enhances the collaboration and coordination between the client and implementation team (Fewings, 2013). The methods provide enough time for the contractor to complete the project on time through the overlapping of activities. Additionally, the client can achieve the value of money for the project through the competitive tendering and selection of the implementation team. Each role and responsibility of the stakeholders is to know and therefore enhancing their operation. The client is able to lose the control of the design aspects of the project. This means that their needs may not well articulated as they need. Since the client is not in the design and management part, the end product may not suit their needs (Fewings, 2013). The cost risk is available to the works contractor and the client. Since the cost is uncertain, changes on the cost are likely to occur and therefore likely to suppress the set budget. Informed client about the construction process is a key element to this method. A problem may arise on the management team when the client does not understand these processes. Simple projects, which the clients can understand, are most preferred to be carried out through this method. Projects, which can easily change also, require this method for their implementation. Under this method, different stakeholders in the construction project come together. The risks involved in the project are share according to the different responsibilities, which the shareholders have in the project (Gould, 2012). This procurement method requires stakeholders who can share the same ideas and aspects concerning the project. Under this method, the flow of different elements can be represented as in the following diagram. Transparency level is usually high under this method, and this is a key pro, which this method can bring in procurement sector (Centre for Excellence and Innovation in Infrastructure Delivery, 2010). The different parties are able to collaborate and able to bring the value of money to the project. High resource utilisation is also achieved in this method. Effective implementation of the project is usually achieved through the high consultation in the project. Different ideas are presented enhancing the innovations and implementation of the project. Lastly, due to the high involvement of stakeholders, the projected uncertainty is usually low. This method requires a lot of time during the implementation stage. This may lead to the project timeline to be exceeded (Arain, 2016). The high involvement and coordination require the high trust to the members. This level may not be possible. Opportunistic behaviour may arise and therefore increasing the risk of implementation. The client can forecast on their needs of the project through the early involvement in design stages (Gould, & Joyce, 2013). This enhances the client to prepare and manage their resources for the project implementation. The contractors have an easy time in implementation due to different ideas from stakeholders. The high quality project is achieved for the client through the collaborative ideas. The client may not receive the project on time due to the increased collaboration process. Trust issues among the stakeholders are a problem, which may affect the contractors working (Harris, Mccaffer & Edum-Fotwe, 2013). Increased implementation timeline is a risk to the contractor since additional costs may accrue. Complex project requires this method to enhance their implementation. Additionally, high project requires this method to take the advantage of different input from different people. Procurement methods are key in the implementation of the construction project. The choice of the procurement method depends on the details of the project. Each method has its pros and cons and the areas, which they will perfectly suit to bring the best out of the projects. The different stakeholders can derive different benefits on each method, which is chosen. Additionally, the risk is a key part of the construction process and therefore whichever method is chosen, some problems may be experienced. (2016). Construction. https://trrjournalonline.trb.org/toc/trr/2573. ARAIN, F. M. (2016). Construction project management research compendium. Volume 6 Volume 6. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=1365770. AUSTROADS (2007). Guide to project delivery: part 2: project delivery planning and control, by R Brown and P Robinson, AGPD02/07, Austroads, Sydney, NSW. BALDWIN, A., & BORDOLI, D. (2014). A handbook for project planning and scheduling in construction. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1666532. centre for excellence and innovation in infrastructure delivery (2010). Infrastructure procurement options guide, Centre for Excellence and Innovation in Infrastructure Delivery, Western Australia, Perth, WA.   CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS INSTITUTE. (2005). The project resource manual: CSI manual of practice. New York, McGraw-Hill. FEWINGS, P. (2013). Construction project management: an integrated approach. Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1092840. GOULD, F. E. (2012). Managing the construction process: estimating, scheduling, and project control. Boston, Prentice Hall. GOULD, F. E., & JOYCE, N. (2014). Construction project management. GOULD, F., & JOYCE, N. (2013). Construction Project Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Education. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4773308. HARRIS, F., MCCAFFER, R., & EDUM-FOTWE, F. (2013). Modern construction management. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley-Blackwell. https://www.AUT.eblib.com.au/EBLWeb/patron/?target=patron&extendedid=P_1132836_0. INFRASTRUCTURE AUSTRALIA. (2012). Efficiencies in major project procurement: volume 1: Benchmarks for efficient procurement of major infrastructure, Department of Infrastructure and Transport, Canberra, ACT. MORTLEDGE, R., SMITH, A., KASHIWAGI, D.T. (2006).   Building Procurement. Blackwell, Oxford, UK.   NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (U.S.)., & NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE (U.S.),. (2016). Construction. (Transportation research record.) VICTORIAN STATE GOVERNMENT (2006).   Project Alliance Practitioners Guide. Department of Treasury and Finance (https://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/projectalliancing)  

Web 2.0 for engaging and collaborative learning in higher education Essay

Web 2.0 for engaging and collaborative learning in higher education - Essay Example Classroom 2.0 uses asynchronous learning to promote collaboration among large numbers of users, instead of consuming one-way information, which is common in Classroom 1.0. Some educators are concerned, however, with the adoption of Web 2.0, because it may not serve their specific teaching needs and it may not always be aligned with learners’ skills and interests (Bennett et al., 2012; Yoo & David, 2011). Other educators think that Web 2.0 is a powerful enabling technology for students (Churchill, 2011; Sistek-Chandler, 2012). This essay aims to negotiate differences in the perceptions of Web 2.0 because of different beliefs in the effects of Web 2.0 on learning. Web 2.0 promotes learning through providing diverse tools for engaging and collaborative learning. Web 2.0 contributes to synchronous and asynchronous learning in higher education because it assists student content creation and sharing, promotes self-regulated learning and teamwork, and supports critical and reflective participation. Opponents of Web 2.0 assert that students have different Web 2.0 skills and these differences can produce cognitive load that can interfere with deep learning. Cifuentes, Alvarez Xochihua, and Edwards (2011) learned that the cognitive load from Web 2.0 interfered with deep learning due to students’ varying Web 2.0 skills. ... The authors stressed the importance of Web 2.0 in enhancing student content creation and sharing, but the inexperience of the students with these tools may prove disconcerting to them enough to not understand its value in their education. Cifuentes, Alvarez Xochihua, and Edwards (2011) also stressed that not all students understood the objectives of using Web 2.0. This article emphasizes the role of instructors in mediating learning through providing clear learning objectives in the use of Web 2.0. Teachers must consider these issues, before introducing Web 2.0 into learning practices. Technology skills and learning goals can impact how Web 2.0 will be used and adopted by both teachers and students alike. Students and teachers may have different interests and preferences too, when it comes too Web 2.0, which can affect how Web 2.0 is accepted and used in actual class settings. Yoo and David Huang (2011), in â€Å"Comparison of Web 2.0 Technology Acceptance Level Based on Cultural Di fferences,† examined the role of culture in accepting Web 2.0. They learned that Koreans and Americans have different preferences, when it comes to Web 2.0 technologies. If instructors are not aware of these preferences, they might not be able to motivate their students in maximizing Web 2.0 for learning. Bennett et al. (2012) noted that teachers also have varying perceptions on the importance of Web 2.0 in teaching and learning. Some teachers continue to believe that face-to-face communication is still the best way of learning, because actual presence can stimulate deep learning. Others believe that Web 2.0 presents interesting ways of engaging students. Clearly, differences in how Web